{"id":13331,"date":"2026-10-29T02:13:27","date_gmt":"2026-10-28T23:13:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/?p=13331"},"modified":"2026-10-29T02:13:27","modified_gmt":"2026-10-28T23:13:27","slug":"vitamin-b1-benefits-thiamine-pyrophosphate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/vitamin-b1-benefits-thiamine-pyrophosphate\/","title":{"rendered":"Vitamin B1 Benefits: Why Thiamine \u2014 and Especially Thiamine Pyrophosphate \u2014 Is the Spark Plug of Cellular Energy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- SCN\u2122 ingredient article: Vitamin B1 & Thiamine Pyrophosphate. Target keyword: vitamin B1 benefits. Colour scheme: bright orange (matches Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Booster page). Paste into a WordPress page\/post in the Text\/HTML editor. --><\/p>\n<style>\n.scn-art{font-family:inherit;color:#222;line-height:1.7;max-width:1000px;margin:0 auto}\n.scn-art h1{color:#E8590C;font-size:2.2em;line-height:1.2;margin:.3em 0}\n.scn-art h2{color:#E8590C;font-size:1.6em;margin:1.8em 0 .5em;border-left:6px solid #FF7A1A;padding-left:.5em}\n.scn-art h3{color:#333;font-size:1.2em;margin:1.3em 0 .4em}\n.scn-art .lead{font-size:1.15em;color:#444;background:#FFF3E8;padding:1.2em 1.4em;border-radius:12px;border-left:6px solid #FF7A1A}\n.scn-art .cta{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FF7A1A,#FFA451);color:#fff;padding:1.4em 1.6em;border-radius:14px;text-align:center;margin:2.2em 0}\n.scn-art .cta h3{color:#fff;margin:0 0 .4em;font-size:1.3em}\n.scn-art .cta a{display:inline-block;background:#fff;color:#E8590C;font-weight:800;padding:.7em 1.6em;border-radius:999px;text-decoration:none;margin-top:.6em}\n.scn-art .cta a:hover{background:#1F1F1F;color:#fff}\n.scn-art table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:1em 0;font-size:.95em}\n.scn-art th{background:#FF7A1A;color:#fff;padding:.7em;text-align:left}\n.scn-art td{padding:.7em;border-bottom:1px solid #FFD9B8;vertical-align:top}\n.scn-art tr:nth-child(even) td{background:#FFF8F2}\n.scn-art ol.bene{counter-reset:b;list-style:none;padding:0}\n.scn-art ol.bene li{counter-increment:b;position:relative;padding:.7em 0 .7em 3em;border-bottom:1px dashed #FFD9B8}\n.scn-art ol.bene li:before{content:counter(b);position:absolute;left:0;top:.6em;width:2.1em;height:2.1em;line-height:2.1em;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#FF7A1A;color:#fff;font-weight:800}\n.scn-art .aud{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(280px,1fr));gap:1em;margin:1.2em 0}\n.scn-art .aud div{background:#FFF3E8;border-top:5px solid #FF7A1A;border-radius:10px;padding:1em 1.2em}\n.scn-art .aud h3{margin-top:0;color:#E8590C}\n.scn-art .callout{background:#FFF3E8;border-left:6px solid #FF7A1A;padding:1em 1.2em;border-radius:0 10px 10px 0;margin:1.2em 0}\n.scn-art .equation{background:#1F1F1F;color:#FFA451;font-family:monospace;text-align:center;padding:1em;border-radius:8px;font-size:1.05em}\n.scn-art .faq details{border:1px solid #FFD9B8;border-radius:8px;padding:.7em 1em;margin:.5em 0}\n.scn-art .faq summary{font-weight:700;color:#E8590C;cursor:pointer}\n.scn-art .refs li{margin-bottom:.5em;font-size:.92em}\n.scn-art .disclaimer{font-size:.85em;color:#666;font-style:italic;margin-top:2em}\n.scn-art a{color:#E8590C;font-weight:600}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"scn-art\">\n<h1>Vitamin B1 Benefits: Why Thiamine \u2014 and Especially Thiamine Pyrophosphate \u2014 Is the Spark Plug of Cellular Energy<\/h1>\n<p class=\"lead\">Every gram of carbohydrate you eat has to pass through one enzyme before it can become ATP, and that enzyme does not work without vitamin B1. For endurance athletes burning hundreds of grams of carbohydrate a day, and for anyone who wants steady physical and mental energy, the vitamin B1 benefits start at the mitochondrial gate. This guide explains what thiamine does, why the <em>\u5f62\u5f0f<\/em> matters, and why SCN\u2122 chose the active coenzyme \u2014 <strong>thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)<\/strong> \u2014 for its energy products.<\/p>\n<h2>What is vitamin B1 (thiamine)?<\/h2>\n<p>Vitamin B1, or thiamine, is a water-soluble vitamin your body cannot make or store in meaningful amounts \u2014 total body stores are only around 25\u201330 mg, enough for roughly two to three weeks. It has to arrive every day from food or supplements. Its single most important job is to serve, once activated, as the coenzyme for the enzymes that oxidise carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids. In practical terms: thiamine is what lets your cells finish burning the fuel you give them.<\/p>\n<p>Thiamine occurs in several chemical forms. Dietary and most supplemental thiamine is the free (unphosphorylated) vitamin. Inside your cells, it is converted to <strong>thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)<\/strong>, also called thiamine diphosphate or cocarboxylase \u2014 the only form that actually does the work.<\/p>\n<h2>How does vitamin B1 work in the body?<\/h2>\n<p>TPP is the cofactor for four enzyme systems that sit at the heart of energy metabolism:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Enzyme<\/th>\n<th>What it does<\/th>\n<th>Why it matters<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Converts pyruvate (from glycolysis) into acetyl-CoA<\/td>\n<td>The gateway from carbohydrate to the Krebs cycle. When PDH is slow, pyruvate is diverted to lactate.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u03b1-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>A rate-controlling step inside the Krebs cycle<\/td>\n<td>Determines how fast the cycle turns \u2014 and how fast NADH reaches the electron transport chain.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Branched-chain \u03b1-keto acid dehydrogenase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Oxidises leucine, isoleucine and valine<\/td>\n<td>BCAAs are a significant fuel during long endurance work; their breakdown needs TPP.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Transketolase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Pentose phosphate pathway<\/td>\n<td>Produces NADPH (antioxidant defence) and ribose for ATP and nucleotide synthesis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>The PDH reaction is the one most people have in mind when they talk about vitamin B1 for energy:<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\">Pyruvate + CoA\u2011SH + NAD\u207a \u2192 Acetyl\u2011CoA + CO\u2082 + NADH + H\u207a<\/div>\n<p>The chemistry hinges on TPP&#8217;s thiazolium ring. The carbon between its nitrogen and sulfur atoms loses a proton to form a carbanion, which attacks the carbonyl carbon of pyruvate, holds it in place, and strips off a carbon as CO\u2082. The two-carbon fragment is then handed along a line of other cofactors \u2014 lipoic acid, coenzyme A (from vitamin B5), FAD (from B2) and NAD\u207a (from B3) \u2014 until acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle. No TPP, no hand-off, no aerobic energy from carbohydrate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cta\">\n<h3>Get the active form<\/h3>\n<p>SCN\u2122 Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Booster delivers 20 mg of true thiamine pyrophosphate per capsule \u2014 no conversion required.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/product\/thiamine-pyrophosphate\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Shop Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Booster \u2192<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<h2>What is thiamine pyrophosphate, and why is it different from ordinary vitamin B1?<\/h2>\n<p>When you swallow thiamine hydrochloride or thiamine mononitrate \u2014 the forms in almost every multivitamin and B-complex \u2014 your body has to do three things before it can use them: absorb the molecule via saturable intestinal transporters (THTR\u20111 and THTR\u20112), carry it into the cell, and then phosphorylate it twice using the enzyme <em>thiamine pyrophosphokinase<\/em> with ATP and magnesium as co-substrates. Only then does it become TPP.<\/p>\n<p>Each of those steps is a potential bottleneck. Intestinal transport saturates at modest doses, so a large share of a high-dose thiamine HCl capsule is never absorbed. Pyrophosphokinase activity depends on adequate magnesium and ATP, and genetic variation in the transporter and kinase genes is common. Alcohol, certain medications, high sugar intake, digestive stress and heavy training all reduce the efficiency of conversion.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Thiamine pyrophosphate skips the queue.<\/strong> It is the finished coenzyme \u2014 the exact molecule that binds pyruvate dehydrogenase. That is why SCN\u2122 built the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/product\/thiamine-pyrophosphate\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Booster<\/a> on 20 mg of TPP rather than a larger, cheaper dose of the HCl salt.<\/p>\n<h2>Which form of vitamin B1 is best?<\/h2>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Form<\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Needs conversion?<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Thiamine hydrochloride<\/td>\n<td>Synthetic salt<\/td>\n<td>Yes \u2014 two phosphorylations<\/td>\n<td>Cheapest; absorption saturates; the default in multivitamins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Thiamine mononitrate<\/td>\n<td>Synthetic salt<\/td>\n<td>Yes<\/td>\n<td>More stable in tablets; otherwise identical to HCl in the body<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Benfotiamine<\/td>\n<td>Fat-soluble precursor<\/td>\n<td>Yes \u2014 dephosphorylated then re-phosphorylated<\/td>\n<td>Better tissue uptake than HCl, but still a precursor; mainly studied outside sport<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sulbutiamine<\/td>\n<td>Lipophilic dimer<\/td>\n<td>Yes<\/td>\n<td>Crosses the blood-brain barrier; studied for mental fatigue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP \/ cocarboxylase)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Active coenzyme<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>No<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>The form used by PDH, \u03b1\u2011KGDH, BCKDH and transketolase; the form tested in the athlete lactate\/VO\u2082max study<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Why do endurance athletes need more vitamin B1?<\/h2>\n<p>Thiamine requirement is not fixed \u2014 it scales with energy turnover and, in particular, with carbohydrate intake. The physiological need is usually expressed per 1,000 kcal, and official reference values assume a sedentary adult. An endurance athlete eating 6\u201310 g carbohydrate per kg of body weight \u2014 400\u2013700 g a day for a 70 kg runner \u2014 is asking pyruvate dehydrogenase to process several times the carbohydrate load the NRV was designed for. Add the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids during long sessions, higher urinary losses and the fact that many sports foods are refined and thiamine-poor, and it is easy for the most carbohydrate-fuelled athletes to be the most thiamine-limited.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout\"><strong>The SCN\u2122 view:<\/strong> carbohydrate is the fuel of endurance, but fuel without ignition is just weight in your pocket. If you periodise your carbs, periodise your thiamine with them.<\/div>\n<h2>What are the sport benefits of vitamin B1?<\/h2>\n<ol class=\"bene\">\n<li><strong>More pyruvate oxidised, less diverted to lactate.<\/strong> Higher PDH flux means more of your glycolytic output goes into the mitochondria rather than being reduced to lactate. In athletes doing aerobic work, TPP supplementation lowered serum lactate compared with controls (Bautista\u2011Hern\u00e1ndez 2008).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Higher VO\u2082max efficiency.<\/strong> The same trial recorded higher maximum oxygen consumption and a lower heart rate at a given workload \u2014 the signature of more efficient aerobic energy production.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reduced exercise-induced fatigue.<\/strong> Thiamine supplementation reduced blood lactate and glucose accumulation and lowered subjective fatigue after exercise in healthy volunteers (Suzuki &amp; Itokawa 1996; Choi 2013).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Better use of a high-carbohydrate diet.<\/strong> Thiamine requirement rises with carbohydrate intake; matching it lets carb-loading translate into energy rather than metabolic traffic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Faster recovery between sessions.<\/strong> A Krebs cycle running without a TPP bottleneck replenishes energy stores more efficiently after long or glycogen-depleting training.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Branched-chain amino acid oxidation.<\/strong> TPP is required by the BCKDH complex, so leucine, isoleucine and valine can be used as late-race fuel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mental focus under fatigue.<\/strong> Acetyl-CoA produced through the TPP step is the substrate for acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of attention and muscle coordination \u2014 the difference between clean technique and sloppy form in the final hour.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Antioxidant backup.<\/strong> Transketolase, another TPP enzyme, generates NADPH, which your cells use to regenerate glutathione after the oxidative load of hard training.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"cta\">\n<h3>Train on the active coenzyme<\/h3>\n<p>1\u20132 capsules of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Booster an hour before long or hard sessions. Doping-free, EU-made.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/product\/thiamine-pyrophosphate\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Buy Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Booster \u2192<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<h2>What are the health benefits of vitamin B1?<\/h2>\n<p>The European Food Safety Authority has authorised four health claims for thiamine, and each has a clear mechanism behind it.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"bene\">\n<li><strong>Normal energy-yielding metabolism.<\/strong> TPP is the cofactor that lets glucose be oxidised fully rather than stalling at pyruvate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Normal functioning of the nervous system.<\/strong> Nerve tissue runs almost exclusively on glucose oxidation and is among the most TPP-dependent tissues in the body.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Normal psychological function.<\/strong> Adequate thiamine supports mental energy, mood and attention; the active form provides the most direct route.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Normal function of the heart.<\/strong> Cardiac muscle has one of the highest ATP turnovers of any organ and depends on a constant acetyl-CoA supply.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Carbohydrate handling.<\/strong> By accelerating pyruvate oxidation, thiamine helps the body use dietary carbohydrate as fuel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acetylcholine synthesis.<\/strong> The acetyl-CoA produced via TPP feeds the synthesis of the neurotransmitter of memory and muscle control.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cellular antioxidant capacity.<\/strong> Through transketolase and the pentose phosphate pathway, thiamine supports NADPH production.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Healthy ageing.<\/strong> Thiamine transport and phosphorylation become less efficient with age, higher medication load and reduced appetite, which is why supplying the finished coenzyme is particularly relevant for the over-50s.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Vitamin B1 for runners, cyclists, triathletes, swimmers and marathon runners<\/h2>\n<div class=\"aud\">\n<div>\n<h3>Runners<\/h3>\n<p>Tempo and threshold work live right at the point where PDH capacity decides whether pyruvate becomes energy or lactate. Take TPP an hour before quality sessions and keep a daily capsule during high-mileage blocks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Cyclists<\/h3>\n<p>Cyclists eat the highest carbohydrate loads in endurance sport \u2014 90\u2013120 g per hour in racing. Every gram needs thiamine to be burned. Pair the Booster with Endurance Carbs on long rides and stage races.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Triathletes<\/h3>\n<p>Three disciplines, one metabolic gate. The run leg is where aerobic efficiency collapses first; TPP taken before the race supports the PDH flux that keeps you oxidising rather than accumulating.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Swimmers<\/h3>\n<p>Repeated high-intensity sets push glycolysis hard and generate large pyruvate loads in short bursts. A faster pyruvate-to-acetyl-CoA conversion helps clear that load between repeats.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Marathon runners<\/h3>\n<p>Carb-loading week is the week your thiamine requirement peaks. Take 2 capsules daily through the load and 1\u20132 capsules an hour before the gun to match the fuel with the ignition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>How much vitamin B1 do you need?<\/h2>\n<p>The EU Nutrient Reference Value is 1.1 mg per day \u2014 a maintenance figure for a sedentary adult on an average diet. Requirements rise with energy expenditure and carbohydrate intake, so athletes and people with high mental workloads sit well above it. Thiamine is water-soluble and excess is excreted in urine; no tolerable upper intake level has been set by EFSA because toxicity from oral intake has not been observed.<\/p>\n<p>In the athlete study that measured lactate and VO\u2082max, the supplement used was thiamine pyrophosphate \u2014 the same molecule in SCN\u2122&#8217;s Booster. One capsule provides 20 mg TPP (13 mg vitamin B1, 1882 % NRV); two capsules provide 40 mg TPP.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Goal<\/th>\n<th>SCN\u2122 suggestion<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Daily wellbeing, brain and healthy ageing<\/td>\n<td>1 capsule in the morning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Training days<\/td>\n<td>1\u20132 capsules about 1 hour before the session<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Carb-loading or stage racing<\/td>\n<td>2 capsules daily<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Which foods are high in vitamin B1?<\/h2>\n<p>Pork, sunflower seeds, legumes, whole grains, oats, brown rice, nutritional yeast and fish are among the richest natural sources. Thiamine is heat- and water-sensitive, so boiling and extended cooking reduce it, and refining grains removes most of it. Raw fish, tea, coffee and some fermented foods contain thiaminases or anti-thiamine factors that degrade the vitamin. Diets built around refined carbohydrate and sports nutrition products tend to be high in the fuel and low in the cofactor needed to burn it.<\/p>\n<h2>What does suboptimal thiamine status feel like?<\/h2>\n<p>Because body stores are small, status can fall within a couple of weeks of low intake or high demand. Early signs are non-specific: flat energy, reduced exercise tolerance, low mood, poor concentration, irritability and reduced appetite. In athletes it often shows up as a heavier-than-expected lactate response and a session that feels harder than the numbers say it should. If you recognise the pattern and your carbohydrate intake is high, thiamine is one of the first things worth checking.<\/p>\n<h2>Which SCN\u2122 products contain vitamin B1?<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/product\/thiamine-pyrophosphate\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Booster<\/strong><\/a> \u2014 20 mg thiamine pyrophosphate per capsule, the active coenzyme form. The dedicated vitamin B1 product.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/product\/preworkout-endurance\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Race Day<\/strong><\/a> \u2014 the 60 ml pre-race shot includes vitamin B1 together with B3 and B6 alongside Palatinose\u2122, citrulline malate, beta-alanine and caffeine.<\/li>\n<p><!-- ADD any other SCN\u2122 products that contain thiamine here, e.g. Mitochondrial Activator\u00b9\u2074, Immune Complete Defence, Pro Endurance Recovery \u2014 confirm label first -->\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions about vitamin B1<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq\">\n<details>\n<summary>Is thiamine pyrophosphate the same as vitamin B1?<\/summary>\n<p>It is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B1. Thiamine HCl and mononitrate are precursors that your body must phosphorylate twice to make TPP.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can I take vitamin B1 every day?<\/summary>\n<p>Yes. Thiamine is water-soluble, excess is excreted and EFSA has not set an upper limit for oral intake. Daily use is the norm.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>When should athletes take vitamin B1?<\/summary>\n<p>About an hour before training or racing, so the coenzyme is available as carbohydrate oxidation ramps up. A morning dose on rest days maintains status.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is TPP better than benfotiamine?<\/summary>\n<p>Benfotiamine is a fat-soluble precursor that still has to be converted to TPP inside the cell. TPP is the end molecule, and it is the form that was tested in the athlete study on lactate and VO\u2082max.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does a B-complex give me enough?<\/summary>\n<p>Most B-complexes supply 1\u20135 mg thiamine HCl. That covers the sedentary NRV, not the demand of a high-carbohydrate training diet, and it still relies on your own conversion to TPP.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does vitamin B1 work with magnesium?<\/summary>\n<p>Yes \u2014 magnesium is a co-substrate for thiamine pyrophosphokinase and for the TPP-dependent enzymes themselves, which is one reason SCN\u2122 recommends pairing the Booster with Mag\u2075Plex\u2077\u2075\u2070.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cta\">\n<h3>The spark plug for your carbohydrate<\/h3>\n<p>Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Booster \u2014 30 capsules of 20 mg thiamine pyrophosphate. Multi-buy offers available.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/product\/thiamine-pyrophosphate\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Order now \u2192<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Scientific references<\/h2>\n<ol class=\"refs\">\n<li>Bautista\u2011Hern\u00e1ndez VM, L\u00f3pez\u2011Ascencio R, Del Toro\u2011Equihua M, V\u00e1squez C. Effect of thiamine pyrophosphate on levels of serum lactate, maximum oxygen consumption and heart rate in athletes performing aerobic activity. <em>J Int Med Res.<\/em> 2008;36(6):1220\u20116.<\/li>\n<li>Choi SK, Baek SH, Choi SW. The effects of endurance training and thiamine supplementation on anti\u2011fatigue during exercise. <em>J Exerc Nutrition Biochem.<\/em> 2013;17(4):189\u201198.<\/li>\n<li>Suzuki M, Itokawa Y. Effects of thiamine supplementation on exercise\u2011induced fatigue. <em>Metab Brain Dis.<\/em> 1996;11(1):95\u2011106.<\/li>\n<li>Lonsdale D. A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives. <em>Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.<\/em> 2006;3(1):49\u201159.<\/li>\n<li>Manzetti S, Zhang J, van der Spoel D. Thiamin function, metabolism, uptake, and transport. <em>Biochemistry.<\/em> 2014;53(5):821\u201135.<\/li>\n<li>Manore MM. Effect of physical activity on thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B\u20116 requirements. <em>Am J Clin Nutr.<\/em> 2000;72(2 Suppl):598S\u2011606S.<\/li>\n<li>Woolf K, Manore MM. B\u2011vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? <em>Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.<\/em> 2006;16(5):453\u201184.<\/li>\n<li>EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to thiamine. <em>EFSA Journal.<\/em> 2009;7(9):1222; 2010;8(10):1755.<\/li>\n<li>EFSA NDA Panel. Dietary reference values for thiamin. <em>EFSA Journal.<\/em> 2016;14(12):4653.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"disclaimer\">This article is for education and general health information only and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Food supplements should not be used as a substitute for a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. Consult your doctor before starting any supplement if you take medication or have a health condition.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vitamin B1 Benefits: Why Thiamine \u2014 and Especially Thiamine Pyrophosphate \u2014 Is the Spark Plug of Cellular Energy Every gram of carbohydrate you eat has to pass through one enzyme before it can become ATP, and that enzyme does not work without vitamin B1. For endurance athletes burning hundreds of grams of carbohydrate a day, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13331","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-scn-power"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13331","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13331"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13331\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13332,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13331\/revisions\/13332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13331"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13331"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13331"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}