{"id":13293,"date":"2026-10-29T00:09:10","date_gmt":"2026-10-28T21:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/?p=13293"},"modified":"2026-10-29T17:40:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-29T14:40:21","slug":"d-ribose-benefits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/d-ribose-benefits\/","title":{"rendered":"D-Ribose Benefits: The Sugar That Rebuilds ATP, Speeds Recovery and Fights Deep Fatigue"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- SCN\u2122 Ingredients Guide \u2014 07-d-ribose-benefits \u2014 target keyword: d-ribose benefits \u2014 paste into WordPress (Text\/HTML tab) --><\/p>\n<style>\n.sa{--o:#F26A1B;--o2:#FF8C42;--od:#C24F0A;--ol:#FFF3EA;--ink:#1F1F1F;--mut:#5B5B5B;--line:#F3D9C6;font-family:inherit;color:var(--ink);line-height:1.65;max-width:900px;margin:0 auto}\n.sa *{box-sizing:border-box}.sa h1,.sa h2,.sa h3,.sa h4{line-height:1.25;margin:0 0 .5em;color:var(--ink)}\n.sa h1{font-size:2.2rem}.sa h2{font-size:1.75rem;margin-top:1.8em;padding-top:.6em;border-top:3px solid var(--ol)}.sa h3{font-size:1.3rem;margin-top:1.3em}.sa h4{font-size:1.05rem;color:var(--od);margin-top:0}\n.sa p{margin:0 0 1em}.sa .eyebrow{display:inline-block;background:var(--ol);color:var(--od);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.75rem;padding:.3em .9em;border-radius:999px;border:1px solid var(--line);margin-bottom:.8em}\n.sa .hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#1F1F1F 0%,#3a2416 55%,var(--od) 100%);color:#fff;padding:2.2rem 2rem;border-radius:18px;margin:0 0 1.6rem}.sa .hero h1{color:#fff}.sa .hero p{color:#ffe6d4;font-size:1.08rem}.sa .hero .eyebrow{background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);color:#ffcfae;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.25)}\n.sa .quick{background:var(--ol);border-left:6px solid var(--o);border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;padding:1rem 1.3rem;margin:1.2rem 0}.sa .quick b{color:var(--od)}\n.sa .btn{display:inline-block;background:var(--o);color:#fff!important;font-weight:800;padding:.8em 1.5em;border-radius:999px;text-decoration:none!important;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(242,106,27,.35)}.sa .btn:hover{background:var(--od)}\n.sa .cta{background:var(--ol);border:2px dashed var(--o2);border-radius:16px;padding:1.4rem;text-align:center;margin:2rem 0}.sa .cta h3{margin-top:0}.sa .cta p{margin-bottom:.9rem}\n.sa .cards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(250px,1fr));gap:.9rem;margin:1rem 0 1.4rem}.sa .cards div{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:4px solid var(--o);border-radius:12px;padding:1rem 1.1rem}.sa .cards div p{margin:0;font-size:.95rem;color:var(--mut)}\n.sa .study{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:5px solid var(--o);border-radius:10px;padding:.9rem 1.1rem;margin:.7rem 0}.sa .study b{color:var(--od)}.sa .study small{color:var(--mut);display:block;margin-top:.3em}\n.sa table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:1rem 0 1.4rem;font-size:.95rem}.sa th{background:var(--ink);color:#fff;text-align:left;padding:.65em .9em}.sa td{padding:.6em .9em;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);vertical-align:top}.sa tr:nth-child(even) td{background:#fffaf6}.sa td a{color:var(--od);font-weight:700}\n.sa .aud{border-left:4px solid var(--o);padding:.2rem 0 .2rem 1.1rem;margin:1.2rem 0}.sa .aud h3{margin-top:0}\n.sa .faq details{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:.85rem 1.1rem;margin:.6rem 0;background:#fff}.sa .faq summary{font-weight:800;cursor:pointer}.sa .faq details[open]{background:var(--ol)}\n.sa .banner{background:var(--o);color:#fff;border-radius:14px;padding:1rem 1.4rem;margin:1.6rem 0;font-weight:700;font-size:1.1rem;text-align:center}\n.sa .refs{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--mut)}.sa .refs li{margin-bottom:.35em}.sa .fine{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--mut)}\n@media(max-width:640px){.sa h1{font-size:1.65rem}.sa .hero{padding:1.5rem 1.2rem}}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"sa\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<span class=\"eyebrow\">SCN\u2122 Ingredients Guide \u00b7 ATP Resynthesis \u00b7 Recovery<\/span><\/p>\n<h1>D-Ribose Benefits: The Sugar That Rebuilds ATP, Speeds Recovery and Fights Deep Fatigue<\/h1>\n<p>Most supplements help you <em>use<\/em> ATP faster. D-ribose is one of the very few that helps you <em>rebuild the ATP molecule itself<\/em> after it has been lost. For athletes doing repeated maximal efforts \u2014 and for anyone who feels &#8220;flat&#8221; for days after hard sessions \u2014 that is a different kind of recovery. This guide explains the mechanism, the 8 sport and 8 health benefits, and the four SCN\u2122 formulas that contain D-ribose.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"quick\"><b>Quick answer:<\/b> D-ribose benefits are about rebuilding, not recharging: D-ribose is the five-carbon sugar that forms the backbone of ATP, ADP and AMP. After very intense exercise the total adenine nucleotide pool is depleted and can take 72 hours to recover; ribose shortcuts the rate-limiting step of rebuilding it. Research shows maintained power output, lower perceived exertion and lower creatine kinase during repeated high-intensity days. SCN\u2122 delivers it in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/mitochondria-supplement\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Mitochondrial Activator\u00b9\u2077<\/a> (3.5 g), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/lactate-lactic-acid\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Pre-Lactate Training Activator<\/a> (2.5 g), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/vo2-max-beetroot\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Nitrate VO2 Maximizer\u00b9\u2077<\/a> (1.2 g) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/endurance-power-vo2-max-supplement\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Krebs Cycle Accelerator\u2074\u2070<\/a>.<\/div>\n<h2>What is D-ribose?<\/h2>\n<p>D-ribose is a naturally occurring pentose (five-carbon) sugar. Unlike glucose it is not a significant fuel; its job is structural. Ribose forms the sugar backbone of ATP, ADP, AMP, NADH, FAD, coenzyme A, RNA and DNA. Your cells make it from glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway \u2014 but that pathway is slow in skeletal muscle, which is exactly why ribose supplementation has a role.<\/p>\n<h2>How does D-ribose work? The ATP pool problem<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cards\">\n<div>\n<h4>1 \u00b7 ATP loss, not just ATP use<\/h4>\n<p>During maximal sprints, ATP \u2192 ADP \u2192 AMP. Some AMP is deaminated to IMP and then lost as inosine and hypoxanthine. The muscle doesn&#8217;t just run low on charge \u2014 it loses the batteries themselves (20\u201328% of total adenine nucleotides after repeated sprints).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>2 \u00b7 The slow rebuild<\/h4>\n<p>Making new adenine nucleotides requires PRPP (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate), which is made from ribose-5-phosphate. Producing ribose-5-phosphate from glucose is the rate-limiting step and can take 3 days in muscle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>3 \u00b7 The ribose shortcut<\/h4>\n<p>Supplemental D-ribose is phosphorylated directly to ribose-5-phosphate, bypassing the bottleneck and accelerating both <em>de novo<\/em> synthesis and salvage of purines back into ATP.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>4 \u00b7 Energy charge restored<\/h4>\n<p>Faster recovery of the total ATP pool means the next session \u2014 or the next heat \u2014 starts with a full tank.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>What are the 8 sport benefits of D-ribose? (D-ribose benefits for athletes)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cards\">\n<div>\n<h4>1 \u00b7 Maintained power on consecutive days<\/h4>\n<p>In a 3-day HIIT protocol, ribose maintained mean and peak power where dextrose did not (in participants with lower VO2max).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>2 \u00b7 Lower perceived exertion<\/h4>\n<p>RPE was significantly lower with ribose across repeated high-intensity days.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>3 \u00b7 Less muscle damage<\/h4>\n<p>Creatine kinase was lower with ribose than with dextrose after repeated sessions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>4 \u00b7 Faster ATP pool recovery<\/h4>\n<p>Ribose accelerates adenine nucleotide resynthesis after intense exercise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>5 \u00b7 Better tolerance of repeated sprints<\/h4>\n<p>Supports multi-heat, multi-set and multi-stage formats where ATP loss accumulates.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>6 \u00b7 Supports D-ribose\u2013creatine synergy<\/h4>\n<p>Creatine recharges ATP; ribose rebuilds it. Together they cover both halves of the energy system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>7 \u00b7 Reduced post-exercise fatigue<\/h4>\n<p>Athletes report less &#8220;flatness&#8221; the day after very hard sessions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>8 \u00b7 Supports heart muscle energetics<\/h4>\n<p>The heart also loses adenine nucleotides under extreme load; ribose supports cardiac energy recovery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cta\">\n<h3>3.5 g D-ribose with ubiquinol, NADH and OKG<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/mitochondria-supplement\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Mitochondrial Activator\u00b9\u2077<\/a> is SCN\u2122&#8217;s highest-ribose formula \u2014 the complete mitochondrial energy and recovery system.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/mitochondria-supplement\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Shop Mitochondrial Activator\u00b9\u2077 \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n<h2>What are the 8 health benefits of D-ribose?<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cards\">\n<div>\n<h4>1 \u00b7 Cellular energy in fatigue<\/h4>\n<p>Ribose supports ATP restoration in people with low energy and persistent tiredness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>2 \u00b7 Heart muscle support<\/h4>\n<p>Clinical studies show improved heart-muscle energetics and quality of life in people with low cardiac energy reserves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>3 \u00b7 Healthy ageing mitochondria<\/h4>\n<p>Ageing cells rebuild nucleotides more slowly; ribose supports their energy pool.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>4 \u00b7 Supports muscle comfort<\/h4>\n<p>Reported improvements in muscle soreness and stiffness in energy-depleted individuals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>5 \u00b7 Mental energy<\/h4>\n<p>Brain ATP depends on the same nucleotide pool; ribose supports mental stamina.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>6 \u00b7 Sleep quality<\/h4>\n<p>Improved sleep reported alongside improved energy in observational studies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>7 \u00b7 Low glycaemic impact<\/h4>\n<p>Ribose does not raise blood glucose like other sugars (it can mildly lower it) \u2014 safe for low-sugar protocols.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>8 \u00b7 Supports RNA\/DNA synthesis<\/h4>\n<p>Ribose is the backbone of nucleic acids \u2014 fundamental to cell repair and renewal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>What does the research say about D-ribose?<\/h2>\n<div class=\"study\"><b>Seifert et al. 2017 \u2014 repeated HIIT days.<\/b> 26 subjects took 10 g\/day ribose or dextrose in a double-blind crossover across 3 days of 60-minute HIIT plus a 2-minute power test. In lower-VO2max participants, ribose maintained mean and peak power and significantly lowered RPE and creatine kinase versus dextrose.<small>J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017;14:47<\/small><\/div>\n<div class=\"study\"><b>Hellsten et al. 2004 \u2014 ATP resynthesis.<\/b> After a week of intense intermittent training that lowered muscle ATP, 200 mg\/kg ribose restored ATP within 72 hours versus incomplete recovery with placebo.<small>Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004;286:R182-188<\/small><\/div>\n<div class=\"study\"><b>Mechanism.<\/b> Ribose bypasses the rate-limiting glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase step to form PRPP, accelerating purine salvage and de novo synthesis.<small>Zarzeczny R et al., Pflugers Arch 2001;442:360-365<\/small><\/div>\n<p class=\"fine\">Honest note: trials in well-trained athletes with short protocols often show no acute performance gain \u2014 ribose&#8217;s value is in <em>recovery of the ATP pool<\/em> across repeated hard days, not as an acute booster. SCN\u2122 positions it accordingly.<\/p>\n<h2>Which SCN\u2122 products contain D-ribose?<\/h2>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Product<\/th>\n<th>D-ribose per dose<\/th>\n<th>Role in the formula<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/mitochondria-supplement\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Mitochondrial Activator\u00b9\u2077<\/a><\/td>\n<td>3480 mg<\/td>\n<td>ATP rebuild with ubiquinol, NADH, calcium pyruvate, OKG, carnitine, phosphatidylserine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/lactate-lactic-acid\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Pre-Lactate Training Activator<\/a><\/td>\n<td>2500 mg<\/td>\n<td>Energy-pool support with pyruvate, carnosine, beta-alanine, betaine, OKG<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/vo2-max-beetroot\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Nitrate VO2 Maximizer\u00b9\u2077<\/a><\/td>\n<td>1200 mg<\/td>\n<td>Nucleotide support beside nitrate, beetroot, pyruvate, beta-alanine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/endurance-power-vo2-max-supplement\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Krebs Cycle Accelerator\u2074\u2070<\/a><\/td>\n<td>250 mg<\/td>\n<td>ATP-PCr power system with 9 g creatine, betaine, phosphate, ubiquinol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"cta\">\n<h3>Recover the ATP you lost \u2014 not just recharge it<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/lactate-lactic-acid\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Pre-Lactate Training Activator<\/a> delivers 2.5 g D-ribose with pyruvate and a complete buffering stack for threshold sessions.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/product\/lactate-lactic-acid\/\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" rel=\"noopener\">Shop Pre-Lactate Training Activator \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n<h2>D-ribose for your sport<\/h2>\n<div class=\"aud\">\n<h3>\ud83c\udfc3 Runners<\/h3>\n<p>Back-to-back interval days and double sessions deplete the nucleotide pool. Ribose helps you start Tuesday&#8217;s session with Monday&#8217;s ATP fully rebuilt.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"aud\">\n<h3>\ud83d\udeb4 Cyclists<\/h3>\n<p>Stage races and training camps are the textbook use case: repeated maximal efforts day after day. Mitochondrial Activator\u00b9\u2077 post-stage supports ATP recovery overnight.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"aud\">\n<h3>\ud83c\udfca\u200d\u2642\ufe0f\ud83d\udeb4\ud83c\udfc3 Triathletes<\/h3>\n<p>Two to three sessions a day, every day. Ribose supports energy-pool recovery between sessions, lowering RPE and muscle damage markers across the week.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"aud\">\n<h3>\ud83c\udfca Swimmers<\/h3>\n<p>Multi-heat competition days (heats, semis, finals) are exactly where ATP loss accumulates. Ribose between rounds supports the rebuild.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"aud\">\n<h3>\ud83c\udfc5 Marathon runners<\/h3>\n<p>Less about the race, more about the training block: high-volume weeks with quality sessions. Ribose in Nitrate VO2 Maximizer\u00b9\u2077 or Pre-Lactate supports recovery through the build.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>How much D-ribose should I take?<\/h2>\n<p>Research doses are 5\u201310 g\/day, typically split before and after training, with higher doses (up to 20 g) used short-term after very intense blocks. SCN\u2122 formulas provide 1.2\u20133.5 g per dose within complete systems; stack Mitochondrial Activator\u00b9\u2077 post-training with Pre-Lactate pre-training to reach the research range on hard days. Ribose is very safe; the only noted effect at high stand-alone doses is a transient, mild drop in blood glucose \u2014 take it with food or carbohydrate.<\/p>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions about D-ribose<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq\">\n<details>\n<summary>Is D-ribose a carbohydrate fuel like glucose?<\/summary>\n<p>No. It is barely used for energy; it is a structural sugar for ATP and nucleic acids. It has minimal effect on blood glucose and may slightly lower it.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Will ribose give me an instant boost?<\/summary>\n<p>Not in the stimulant sense. Its benefit is faster recovery of the ATP pool across repeated hard sessions \u2014 you feel it as less flatness and maintained power on day 2\u20133.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Should I take ribose with creatine?<\/summary>\n<p>Yes \u2014 ideal pairing. Creatine recharges ADP to ATP; ribose rebuilds lost ATP molecules. Krebs Cycle Accelerator\u2074\u2070 includes both.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is D-ribose doping-free?<\/summary>\n<p>Yes. It is a natural sugar and not on the WADA list. SCN\u2122 products are 100% doping-free.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can I take ribose daily?<\/summary>\n<p>Yes. Daily intake of 5\u201310 g is well tolerated in long-term studies.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"banner\">Creatine recharges ATP. Ribose rebuilds it. Only SCN\u2122 gives you both in the same formulas.<\/div>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ol class=\"refs\">\n<li>Seifert JG, Brumet A, St Cyr JA. The influence of D-ribose ingestion and fitness level on performance and recovery. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017;14:47.<\/li>\n<li>Hellsten Y et al. Effect of ribose supplementation on resynthesis of adenine nucleotides after intense intermittent training in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004;286:R182-R188.<\/li>\n<li>Zarzeczny R et al. Influence of ribose on adenine salvage after intense muscle contractions. Pflugers Arch 2001;442:360-365.<\/li>\n<li>Stathis CG et al. Influence of sprint training on human skeletal muscle purine nucleotide metabolism. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:1802-1809.<\/li>\n<li>Omran H et al. D-Ribose improves diastolic function and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients: a prospective feasibility study. Eur J Heart Fail 2003;5:615-619.<\/li>\n<li>Mahoney DE et al. Understanding D-ribose and mitochondrial function. Adv Biosci Clin Med 2018;6:1-5.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"fine\"><em>This article is for educational purposes and is not a substitute for medical advice. Food supplements should not replace a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SCN\u2122 Ingredients Guide \u00b7 ATP Resynthesis \u00b7 Recovery D-Ribose Benefits: The Sugar That Rebuilds ATP, Speeds Recovery and Fights Deep Fatigue Most supplements help you use ATP faster. D-ribose is one of the very few that helps you rebuild the ATP molecule itself after it has been lost. For athletes doing repeated maximal efforts \u2014 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-scn-power"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13293","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13293"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13293\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13379,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13293\/revisions\/13379"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13293"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.s-c-nutrition.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}